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Part I Selection, Testing, Controls and Protection of Electric Motors
1 Theory, Performance and Constructional Features of Induction Motors lntroduction. Brief theory of the operation of a polyphase motor. Motor output and torque . Motor ratings and frame sizes . Preferred ratings at different voltages. Influence of service conditions on motor performance. No-load performance . Effect of steel of laminations on core losses . Circle diagram . Types of induction motors . Mounting of motors Enclosures* Weatherproof motors (WP) . Degree of protection .
Cooling systems in large motors . Single phase motors Theory of operation
2 Motor Torque, Load Torque and Selection of Motors Motor speed-torque curve . NEMA rotor designs . Special designs of rotors . Effect of starting current on torque . Load torque or opposing torque 1 Selection of motors . Time of start-up and its effect on motor performance . Thermal withstand time
3 Duties of Induction Motors Duty cycles Continuous duty (CMR) (SI) Periodic duties . Factor of inertia (FI) Heating and cooling characteristic curves ' Drawing the thermal curves . Rating of short motors . Equivalent output of short time duties . Shock loading and use of a flywheel
4 Starting of Squirrel Cage Induction Motors Direct on-line starting (DOL) . Reduced voltage starting
5 Starting and Control of Slip-ring Induction Motors Important features of a slip-ring motor . Starting of slipring motors . Hypothetical procedure to calculate the rotors resistance. Speed control of slip-ring motors Moving electrode electrolyte starters and controllers
6 Static Controls and Braking of Motors Speed control in squirrel cage motors . Speed control through solid-state technology . Vu control (speed control at constant torque) . Phasor (vector) control . Use of phasor control for flux braking . Control and feedback devices . Application of solid-state technology ' Conduction and commutation . Circuit configurations of semiconductor devices . Smoothing ripples in the d.c. link ' Providing a constant d.c. voltage source 4 Providing a constant current source . Generation of harmonics and switching surges in a static device switching circuit . Protection of semiconductor devices and motors . Energy
conservation through solid-state technology . Application of static drives . Speed variation through variable-speed fluid couplings . Static drive versus fluid coupling . D.C. drives Braking . Induction generators ' Inching or jogging . Number of starts and stops
7 Special-Purpose Motors Textile motors . Crane motors . Determining the size of motor . Sugar centrifuge motors Motors for deepwell pumps . Motors for agricultural application . Surface-cooled motors 8 Torque motors or actuator motors . Vibration and noise level . Service factors . Motors for hazardous locations . Specification of motors for Zone 0 locations . Specification of motors for Zone 1 locations . Motors for Zone 2 locations . Motors for mines, collieries and quarries . Intrinsically safe circuits, type Ex. 'i' . Testing and certifying authorities . Additional requirements for ciritical installations Motors for thermal power station auxiliaries . Selection of a special-purpose motor
8 Transmission of Load and Suitability of Bearings Direct or rigid couplings . Flexible couplings . Delayed-action couplings . Construction and principle of operation . Belt drives . Checking the suitability of bearings . Suitability of rotors for pulley drives
9 Winding Insulation and its Maintenance Insulating materials and their properties . Ageing of insulation . Practices of insulation systems . Procedure for vacuum pressure impregnation . Maintenance of insulation . Monitoring the quality of insulation of HT formed coils during manufacturing
10 Installation and Maintenance of Electric Motors Installation of bearings and pulleys . Important checks at the time of commissioning Maintenance of electric motors and their checks . Maintenance of bearings . General problems in electric motors and their remedy . Winding temperature measurement at site . Analysis of
insulation failures of an HT motor at a thermal power station
11 Philosophy of Quality Systems and Testing Philosophy of quality systems . Testing of electrical machines . Procedure for testing . Load test . No-load test . Tolerances in test results Certification of motors used in hazardous locations
12 Protection of Electric Motors Purpose . Unfavourable operating conditions . Fault
conditions . Protection . Single-device motor protection relays. Summary of total motor protection. Motor protection by thermistors. Monitoring of a motor?s actual operating conditions. Switchgears for motor protection. Selection of main components. Fuse-free system of Electrical Machines
Part II Switchgear Assemblies and Captive Power Generation
13 Switchgear and Controlgear Assemblies Application . Types of assemblies . Conventional designs of switchgear assemblies (also referred to as switchboards) . Design parameters and service conditions for a switchgear assembly . Deciding the ratings of current-carrying equipment, devices and components . Designing a bus system . Designing a switchgear assembly . HT switchgear assemblies . General guidelines during installation and maintenance of a switchgear or a controlgear assembly . Power circuits and control scheme diagrams . Painting . Procedure of switchgear and control gear assemblies and treatment of effluent
14 Testing of a Metal-enclosed Switchgear Philosophy of quality systems . Recommended tests . Procedure for type tests . Procedure for routine tests . Procedure for field tests An introduction to earthquake engineering and testing methods
15 Instrument and Control Transformers: Introduction . Types of Transformers . Common features of a voltage and a current transformer . General specifications and design considerations for voltage transformers Precautions to be observed while installing a voltage transformer . Current transformers . Short-time rating and effect of momentary peak or dynamic currents . Summary of Specifications of a CT Precautions to be observed when connecting a CT . Test Requirements
Assemblies Application and Selection
16 Captive (Emergency) Power Generation Introduction . DG set . Operating parameters . Theory of operation . Guidelines on the selection of a DG set. Types of loads . Starting of a DG set . Protection of a DG set . Parallel operation . Procedure of parallel operation . Recommended protection for a synchronizing scheme . Load sharing by two or more generators . Total automation through PLCs
Part 111 Voltage Surges, Overvoltages and Grounding Practices
17 Voltage Surges - Causes, Effects and Introduction . Temporary overvoltages . Voltage surge or a transient . Transient stability of overhead lines. Causes of voltage surges . Definitions . Causes of steep rising surges . Effect of steep-fronted TRVS on the terminal equipment (motor as the basis) . Determining the severity of a transient . Protection of rotating machines from switching surges . Theory of surge protection (insulation coordination)
18 Surge Arresters: Application and Surge arresters . Electrical characteristics of a ZnO surge arrester . Basic insulation level (BIL) . Protective margins . Protective level of a surge arrester . Selection of gapless surge arrester . Classification of arresters . Surge protection of motors . Pressure relief facility . Assessing the condition of an arrester
19 Circuit Interrupters Circuit interrupters . Theory of circuit interruption with different switching mediums (theory of deionization) . Theory of arc plasma . Circuit breaking under unfavourable operating conditions . Circuit interruption in different mediums . Current chopping . Virtual current chopping . Containing the severity of switching surges . Comparison of interrupting devices
20 Temporary Overvoltages and System Theory of overvoltages . Analysis of ungrounded and grounded systems . The necessity of grounding an electrical system . Analysis of a grounded system . Arc suppression coil or ground fault neutralizer . Ground fault factor (GFF) . Magnitude of temporary overvoltages . Insulation coordination . Application of different types of grounding methods (for HT, HV and EHV systems) . Important parameters for selecting a ground fault protection scheme
21 Grounding Theory and Ground Fault Remedies Selection Grounding Protection Schemes Protection of a domestic or an industrial single phase system . Ground fault on an LT system . Ground fault protection in hazardous areas. . Ground leakage in an
HT system . Core-balanced current transformers (CBCTs). Ground fault (GF) protection schemes Grounding electrodes Measuring the ground resistance Metal for the grounding conductor Jointing of grounding conductors . Maintenance of grounding stations Grounding practices in a power generating station Tolerahle potential difference at a location . Voltage gradients . Determining the leakage current through a body . Measuring the average resistivity of soil . Improving the performance of soil . Determining the ground fault current . Designing a grounding grid Resistivity of soil (p) .
Part IV Power Capacitors
23 Power Capacitors: Behaviour, Switching Phenomena and Improvement of Power
Factor Introduction . Application of power capacitors Effect of low PF . Other benefits of an improved power factor . Behaviour of a power capacitor in operation .
Generation of triple harmonics in an inductive circuit. Generation of harmonics by a power electronic circuit. Resonance . Effective magnitude of harmonic voltages; ~ n dc urrents When harmonics will appear in a system Filter circuits : suppressing harmonics in a power network . Excessive charging currents (switching inrush or making currents) Limiting the inrii\h currents . Capacitor panel design parameters . Capacitor rating for an induction motor. Location of capacitors Automatic PF correction of a system . Switching sequences . PF correction relays
24 System Voltage Regulation Capacitors for improvement of system regulation Series capacitors Rating of series capacitors Advantages of series compensation . Analysis of a system for series compensation . Reactive power management Influence of line length (ferranti effect) To optimize the power transfer through reactive control . Transient stability level Switching of large reactive banks
25 Making Capacitor Units and Ratings of Making a capacitor element . A critical review of internally protected capacitor units . Self-healing capacitors . Making a capacitor unit from elements . Making capacitor banks from capacitor units Rating
Switching Devices and selection of components for capacitor duty Fast discharge devices
26 Protection, Maintenance and Testing of Protection and safety requirements . Installation and maintenance of capacitor units Test requirements
27 Power Reactors Introduction Selection of power reactors . Magnetic charecteristics . Design criterion and I . q5 characteristics of different types of reactor . Application Capacitor Units Part V Bus Systems
28 Carrying Power through Metal-enclosed Introduction . Types of metal-enclosed bus systems . Design parameters and service conditions for a metal enclosed bus system Short-circuit effects . Service conditions Other design considerations ?Skin effect . Proximity effect . Sample calculation for designing a 2500 A non-isolated phase aluminium busbar system
29 Recommended Practices for Mounting Bus Systems Buses and Making Bus Joints
Precautions in mounting insulators and conductors . Making a joint Bending of busbars
30 Properties and Ratings of Current-Carrying Properties and current ratings for aluminium and copper conductors . Current-carrying capacity of? copper and aluminium conductors
31 An Isolated Phase Bus System An isolated phase bus (IPB) system Constructional
features . Special features of an IPB system . Enclosure heating . Natural cooling of enclosures Continuous rating . Forced cooling . Influence of a space field on the metallic structures . Fault level . Voltage drop . Forming of sections for IPB systems
Determining the section and size of conductor and enclosure Sample calculations
32 Testing a Metal-enclosed Bus System Philosophy of quality systems. Recommended tests Procedure for type tests Routine tests . Field tests
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Topic: Industrial Power Engineering and Applications Handbook (Read 380 times)